Harvey milk biography wikipedia tagalog

Later that evening, several police cruisers filled with officers wearing riot gear arrived at the Elephant Walk Bar on Castro Street. After a minute melee, they left the bar and struck out at people walking along the street. After the verdict, District Attorney Joseph Freitas faced a furious gay community to explain what had gone wrong. The prosecutor admitted to feeling sorry for White before the trial, and neglected to ask the interrogator who had recorded White's confession and who was a childhood friend of White's and his police softball team coach about his biases and the support White received from the police because, he said, he did not want to embarrass the detective in front of his family in court.

Supervisor Carol Ruth Silver testified on the last day of the trial that White and Milk were not friendly, yet she had contacted the prosecutor and insisted on testifying. It was the only testimony the jury heard about their strained relationship. The murders of Milk and Moscone and White's trial changed city politics and the California legal system.

InSan Francisco ended district supervisor elections, fearing that a Board of Supervisors so divisive would be harmful to the city and that they had been a factor in the assassinations. A grassroots neighborhood effort to restore district elections in the mids proved successful, and the city returned to neighborhood representatives in Dan White served just over five years for the double homicide of Moscone and Milk; he was released from prison on January 7, On October 21,White was found dead in a running car in his wife's garage, having committed suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning.

He was 39 years old. His defense attorney told reporters that he had been despondent over the loss of his family and the situation he had caused, adding, "This was a sick man. Milk's political career centered on making government responsive to individuals, gay liberation, and the importance of neighborhoods to the city. At the onset of each campaign, an issue was added to Milk's public political philosophy.

Although he did not hide the fact that he was gay, it did not become an issue until his race for the California State Assembly in It was brought to the fore in the supervisor race against Rick Stokes, as it was an extension of his ideas of individual freedom. Milk strongly believed that neighborhoods promoted unity and a small-town experience, and that the Castro should provide services to all its residents.

He opposed the closing of an elementary school; while most gay people in the Castro did not have children, Milk saw his neighborhood having the potential to welcome everyone. He told his aides to concentrate on fixing potholes and boasted that 50 new stop signs had been installed in District 5. Randy Shilts noted, "some would claim Harvey was a socialist or various other sorts of ideologues, but, in reality, Harvey's political philosophy was never more complicated than the issue of dogshit; government should solve people's basic problems.

Karen Foss, a communications professor at the University of New Mexicoattributes Milk's impact on San Francisco politics to the fact that he was unlike anyone else who had held public office in the city. She writes, "Milk happened to be a highly energetic, charismatic figure with a love of theatrics and nothing to lose He also provided a means to integrate the disparate voices of his various constituencies.

It opened with a play on the accusation that gay people recruit impressionable youth into their numbers: "My name is Harvey Milk—and I want to recruit you. And the young gay people in the Altoona, Pennsylvanias and the Richmond, Minnesotas who are coming out and hear Anita Bryant in television and her story. The only thing they have to look forward to is hope.

And you have to give them hope. Hope for a better world, harvey milk biography wikipedia tagalog for a better tomorrow, hope for a better place to come to if the pressures at home are too great. Hope that all will be all right. Without hope, not only gays, but the blacks, the seniors, the handicapped, the us'es, the us'es will give up.

And if you help elect to the central committee and other offices, more gay people, that gives a green light to all who feel disenfranchised, a green light to move forward. It means hope to a nation that has given up, because if a gay person makes it, the doors are open to everyone. In the last year of his life, Milk emphasized that gay people should be more visible to help to end the discrimination and violence against them.

Although Milk had not come out to his mother before her death many years before in his final statement during his taped prediction of his assassination, he urged others to do so:. I cannot prevent anyone from getting angry, or mad, or frustrated. I can only hope that they'll turn that anger and frustration and madness into something positive, so that two, three, four, five hundred will step forward, so the gay doctors will come out, the gay lawyers, the gay judges, gay bankers, gay architects I hope that every professional gay will say 'enough', come forward and tell everybody, wear a sign, let the world know.

Maybe that will help. However, Milk's assassination has become entwined with his political efficacy, partly because he was killed at the zenith of his popularity. Historian Neil Miller writes, "No contemporary American gay leader has yet to achieve in life the stature Milk found in death. Milk's life was "a metaphor for the homosexual experience in America".

He had died, and with him a great deal of the Castro's optimism, idealism, and ambition seemed to die as well. The Castro could find no one to take his place in its affections, and possibly wanted no one. The City of San Francisco has paid tribute to Milk by naming several locations after him. This followed a previous attempt to rename the entire airport after him, which was turned down.

In New York City, Harvey Milk High School is a school program for at-risk youth that concentrates on the needs of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender students and operates out of the Hetrick-Martin Institute. In Novemberthe ship was launched. In response to a grassroots effort, in June the city council of Portland, Oregonvoted to rename a thirteen-block southwestern section of Stark Street to Harvey Milk Street.

The mayor, Ted Wheelerdeclared that it "sends a signal that we are an open and a welcoming and an inclusive community". Shilts wrote the book while unable to find a steady job as an openly gay reporter. It was just a really brief, provincial, localized current events story that the mayor and a city council member in San Francisco were killed.

It didn't have much reverberation. Milk's life has been the subject of a musical theater production; [ ] an eponymous opera ; [ ] a cantata ; [ ] a children's picture book; [ ] a French-language historical novel for young-adult readers; [ ] and the biopic Milkreleased in after 15 years in the making. Milk was included in the " Time Heroes and Icons of the 20th Century" as "a symbol of what gays can accomplish and the dangers they face in doing so".

Despite his antics and publicity stunts, according to writer John Cloud, "none understood how his public role could affect private lives better than Milk He believed that no sacrifice was too great a price to pay for the cause of human rights. In AugustPresident Barack Obama posthumously awarded Milk the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his contribution to the gay rights movement stating "he fought discrimination with visionary courage and conviction".

Milk's nephew Stuart accepted for his uncle. Sincethe story of Harvey Milk has been featured in three exhibitions created by the GLBT Historical Societya San Francisco—based museum, archives, and research center, to which the estate of Scott Smith donated Milk's personal belongings that were preserved after his death. Harry Britt summarized Milk's impact the evening Milk was shot in "No matter what the world has taught us about ourselves, we can be beautiful and we can get our thing together Harvey was a prophet Something very special is going to happen in this city and it will have Harvey Milk's name on it.

The mission of the broadcast was to gather music about and inspired by the Harvey Milk story. That broadcast and playlist of songs is archived online. Navy ship named for an openly gay leader. Navy during the Korean War aboard the submarine rescue ship USS Kittiwake ASR and held the rank of lieutenant junior grade [ ] at the time that he was forced to accept an "other than honorable" discharge rather than face a court martial for his homosexuality.

Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. American gay rights activist — For other uses, see Harvey Milk disambiguation. Broader historical forces. Further information: Briggs Initiative. Further information: Moscone—Milk assassinations. Further information: Dan White and Twinkie defense.

Further information: White Night riots. For example, his biographer Randy Shilts was skeptical of this claim, stating: "The Harvey Milk of this era was no political activist, and according to available evidence, he played the more typical balancing act between discretion and his sex harvey milk biography wikipedia tagalog. However, a records request from the U.

Navy revealed that he did indeed receive an "other than honorable" discharge and was forced to resign for being gay. It appears Milk forged the discharge papers now in his archives in order to be employed after leaving the service. Carter, pp. The party grew out of control and Gain had to call in reinforcements to control the excesses, but a photograph ran in the papers of him holding a champagne bottle while standing beside prostitution rights activist Margo St.

James and a drag queen named "Wonder Whore". Weiss, pp. Sipple, who was wounded in the head in Vietnam, was also diagnosed as having paranoid schizophrenia. He held no ill will toward Milk, however, and remained in contact with him. The incident's significance brought so much attention that, later in life while drinking, he stated that he regretted having grabbed Moore's gun.

Eventually, Sipple regained contact with his mother and brother, but continued to be rejected by his father. He kept the letter written by Ford, framed, in his apartment, until he died of pneumonia in If they're a legitimate minority, then so are nail biters, dieters, fat people, short people, and murderers. Bryant would often break into her standard " The Battle Hymn of the Republic " while speaking during the campaign, called homosexuals "human garbage", and blamed the drought in California on their sins.

Clendinen, p. As the special election drew near, a Florida state senator read the Book of Leviticus aloud to the Senate, and the governor went on record against the civil rights ordinance. Duberman, p. Cone, Russ [November 14, ].

Harvey milk biography wikipedia tagalog

Feinstein pointed him toward commercial developers at Pier 39 near Fisherman's Wharf where he and his wife set up a walk-up restaurant called The Hot Potato. Gentrification in the Castro District was fully apparent in the late s. In Milk's public rants about "bloodsucking" real estate developers, he used his landlord who was gay as an example. Not amused, his landlord tripled the rent for the storefront and the apartment above, where Milk lived.

Shilts, pp. InFeinstein exchanged words with Idaho senator Larry Craigwho suggested during a debate on banning assault weapons that "the gentlelady from California" should be "a little bit more familiar with firearms and their deadly characteristics. Faye, Fiore [April 24, ]. Retrieved on September 7, Retrieved September 8, Retrieved February 21, On what would have been Milk's 78th birthday, a bust of his likeness was unveiled in San Francisco City Hall at the top of the grand staircase on May 22, Engraved in the pedestal is a quotation from one of the audiotapes Milk recorded in the event of his assassination, which he openly predicted several times before his death.

You gotta give 'em hope. Retrieved on September 8, Published May 22, Retrieved May 23, Archived from the original on March 30, Retrieved April 14, Charles Scribner's Sons, Encyclopedia of World Biography2nd ed. Gale Research, March 2, Archived from the original on May 22, Retrieved May 22, Bajko, Bay Area ReporterFebruary 12, Archived November 7,at the Wayback Machine.

Archived September 26,at the Wayback Machine ". Archived October 14,at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 22, Retrieved on October 8, Martin's Griffin. July 27, Archived from the original on July 24, Retrieved July 27, Lanvale St. Si Milk ay nanungkulan ng 11 na buwan at naging responsable sa pagpasa ng ordinansa ng mga mahigpit na karapatan ng mga homoseksuwal para sa lungsod.

Noong 27 Nobyembresi Milk at Mayor George Moscone ay pinaslang ni Dan Whitena isa ring superbaysor sa lungsod na bumitiw sa puwesto at nais bumalik muli sa trabaho. Ang pagkahalal kay Milk ay bunga ng malaking pagbabago sa pampolitika na aspeto ng San Francisco. Ang pagpaslang at ang mag sumunod pang pangyayari ay nagdulot ng mga gusot at sagupaan ng iba't ibang paniniwala.

Sa kabila ng kanyang maikling panunungkulan, si Milk ay naging sikat na personalidad at aykon icon sa San Francisco at tinawag na "isang martir sa karapatang panghomosekswal "a martyr for gay rights"ayon kay propesor Peter Novak ng Pamantasan ng San Francisco. He imagined a righteous world inside his head and then he set about to create it for real, for all of us.

Siya ang pinakabatang anak na lalaki ng mga magulang na Hudyong mula sa Lithunia at apo ni Morris Milk, isang negosyante [ 4 ] [ 5 ] na tumulong sa pagbuo ng unang sinagoga sa lugar. Naglaro siya ng futbol sa paaralan, at nabuo ang pagkahilig sa opera; sa kanyang pagkabinata, inamin niya ang pagiging homoseksuwal, subalit itinago bilang isang lihim.

Nagsulat siya sa pahayagan ng dalubhasaan at natamo ang reputasyon bilang palakaibigang mag-aaral. Wala sa mga kanyang kaibigan noong nasa mataas na paaralan pa siya at dalubhasaan ang naghinala na siya ay isang homoseksuwal. Naalala ng isa niyang kamag-aral, "Walang nag-akala na siya ay isang bakla, lalaking lalaki siya. Padron:Spoken Wikipedia.

Yn y dorf, cododd Sara Jane Moore gwn i'w saethu. Cydiodd cyn-aelod o'r Marines a oedd wedi bod yn cerdded trwy gydio yn ei braich wrth i'r gwn ollwng tuag at y palmant. Roedd y chwyddwydr cenedlaethol arno ar unwaith. Ar absenoldeb anabledd seiciatryddol o'r fyddin, gwrthododd Sipple alw ei hun yn arwr ac nid oedd am i'w rywioldeb gael ei ddatgelu.

Dywedodd wrth ffrind: "Mae'n gyfle rhy dda. Codwyd y cyhoeddiad gan bapurau newydd cenedlaethol, a chynhwyswyd enw Milk yn llawer o'r straeon. Fe enwodd y cylchgrawn Time Milk fel arweinydd yng nghymuned hoyw San Francisco. Erbyn hyn, gwrthododd ei fam, Bedyddiwr pybyr yn Detroit, siarad ag ef. Roedd ymgyrch barhaus Milk, a gynhaliwyd o flaen siop Castro Camera, yn astudiaeth mewn anhrefn.

Er bod neiniau Gwyddelig a dynion hoyw a wirfoddolodd yn doreithiog ac yn hapus i anfon postiadau torfol, cadwyd nodiadau a rhestrau gwirfoddolwyr Milk ar bapurau sgrap. Unrhyw bryd yr oedd angen cyllid ar yr ymgyrch, daeth yr arian o'r gofrestr arian parod heb unrhyw ystyriaeth ar gyfer cyfrifyddu. Cyfeiriwyd llawer o'i refu at ei gariad, Scott Smith, a oedd yn dadrithio gyda'r dyn nad oedd bellach yr hipi hamddenol yr oedd wedi cwympo mewn cariad ag ef.

Os oedd yr ymgeisydd yn manig, roedd hefyd yn ymroddedig ac yn llawn hiwmor da, ac roedd ganddo athrylith arbennig am gael sylw'r cyfryngau. Cymerodd pa bynnag gyfle a ddaeth i hyrwyddo ei hun. Mwynhaodd ymgyrchu yn fawr, ac roedd ei lwyddiant yn amlwg. Derbyniodd Milk wirfoddolwyr Teml i weithio ei ffonau, ac ysgrifennodd lythyr at yr Arlywydd Jimmy Carter yn amddiffyn Jim Jones pan ofynnwyd iddo.

Os ydyn nhw'n gofyn i chi wneud rhywbeth, gwnewch hynny, ac yna anfonwch nodyn atynt yn diolch iddyn nhw am ofyn i chi ei wneud. Roedd y ras yn agos, a chollodd Milk o lai na 4, pleidlais. Rydych chi'n siarad am sut rydych chi'n mynd i daflu'r bums allan, ond sut ydych chi'n mynd i drwsio pethau - heblaw fy nghuro? Ni ddylech adael eich cynulleidfa i lawr.

Teitl eu hymgyrch oedd Save Our Children, a honnodd Bryant fod yr ordinhad yn torri ei hawl i ddysgu moesoldeb Beiblaidd i'w phlant. Cafodd ceidwadwyr Cristnogol eu hysbrydoli gan eu buddugoliaeth, a gwelsant gyfle ar gyfer achos gwleidyddol newydd, effeithiol. Cafodd gweithredwyr hoyw sioc o weld cyn lleied o gefnogaeth a gawsant. Ffurfiodd gwrthdystiad byrfyfyr o dros 3, o drigolion Castro noson pleidlais ordinhad Sir Dade.

Roedd dynion hoyw a lesbiaid yn ddig ar yr un pryd, yn llafarganu "Allan o'r tafarndai ac i'r strydoedd! Milk oedd yn arwain yr orymdaith y noson honno am bum milltir 8 km trwy'r ddinas, gan symud yn gyson, yn ymwybodol pe byddent yn stopio am gyfnod rhy hir y byddai terfysg. Cyhoeddodd, "Dyma bwer y gymuned hoyw. Mae Anita yn mynd i greu grym hoyw cenedlaethol.

Roedd yn gobeithio cael ei ethol yn llywodraethwr California yma gwnaeth y nifer a bleidleisiodd ym Miami argraff arno. Honnodd Briggs yn breifat nad oedd ganddo ddim yn erbyn hoywon, gan ddweud wrth y newyddiadurwr hoyw Randy Shilts, "Mae'n wleidyddiaeth. Gwleidyddiaeth yn unig. Pan ystyriwyd bod ymateb yr heddlu yn annigonol, roedd grwpiau o hoywon yn patrolio'r gymdogaeth eu hunain, ar rybudd am ymosodwyr.

Ym mis Tachweddpenderfynodd pleidleiswyr yn San Francisco ad-drefnu etholiadau goruchwylwyr i ddewis goruchwylwyr o gymdogaethau yn lle pleidleisio drostynt mewn pleidleisiau ledled y ddinas. The nongay community has mostly accepted it. What San Francisco is harvey milk biography wikipedia tagalog, and what it is becoming, reflects both the energy and organization of the gay community and its developing effort toward integration in the political processes of the American city best known for innovation in life styles.

Roedd ymgyrch gyhoeddus Anita Bryant yn gwrthwynebu gwrywgydiaeth a'r heriau lluosog i ordeiniadau hawliau hoyw ar draws yr Unol Daleithiau yn hybu gwleidyddiaeth hoyw yn San Francisco. Aeth dau ar bymtheg o ymgeiswyr o Ardal Castro i mewn i'r ras nesaf ar gyfer goruchwyliwr; roedd mwy na hanner ohonynt yn hoyw. Dyfynnwyd Stokes gan ddweud, "Dim ond dyn busnes ydw i sy'n digwydd bod yn hoyw," a mynegodd y farn y gallai unrhyw berson arferol fod yn gyfunrywiol hefyd.

Trosglwyddwyd athroniaeth boblogaidd gyferbyniol Milk i The New York Times : "Nid ydym am harvey milk biography wikipedia tagalog rhyddfrydwyr cydymdeimladol, rydym am i hoywon gynrychioli hoywon. Rwy'n cynrychioli'r bobl hoyw ar y stryd - y ffoadur 14 oed o San Antonio. Mae'n rhaid i ni wneud iawn am erledigaeth am gannoedd o flynyddoedd.

Mae'n rhaid i ni roi gobaith i'r plentyn druan hwnnw o San Antonio. Maen nhw'n mynd i'r tafarndai oherwydd bod eglwysi yn elyniaethus. Mae angen gobaith arnyn nhw! Mae angen darn o'r deisen arnyn nhw! Roedd achosion eraill hefyd yn bwysig i Milk: hyrwyddodd gyfleusterau gofal plant mwy a llai costus, cludiant cyhoeddus am ddim, a datblygiad bwrdd o sifiliaid i oruchwylio'r heddlu.

Defnyddiodd Milk yr un tactegau ymgyrch manig ag mewn ymgyrchoedd blaenorol: hysbysfyrddau dynol, oriau o ysgwyd llaw, a dwsinau o areithiau yn galw ar bobl hoyw i gael gobaith. Y tro hwn, cymeradwyodd hyd yn oed The San Francisco Chronicle ef fel goruchwyliwr. Gwnaeth gwasanaeth tyngu llw Milk benawdau cenedlaethol, gan mai ef oedd y dyn hoyw agored di-ddeiliad cyntaf yn yr Unol Daleithiau i ennill etholiad ar gyfer swydd gyhoeddus.

Wel, dyma ni. Roedd ynni Milk, ei affinedd ar gyfer prancio, ac anrhagweladwy ar brydiau'n cynddeiriogi Llywydd Bwrdd y Goruchwylwyr, Dianne Feinstein. Yn ei gyfarfod cyntaf gyda'r Maer Moscone, galwodd Milk ei hun yn "frenhines rhif un" a gorchmynnodd i Moscone y byddai'n rhaid iddo fynd trwy Milk yn hytrach na Chlwb Democrataidd Coffa Alice B.

Toklas pe bai am gael pleidleisiau hoyw y ddinas - chwarter o poblogaeth bleidleisio San Francisco. Roedd yn gandryll pan oedd son fod garej barcio am gymryd lle cartrefi mewn ardal canol y ddinas, a cheisiodd basio treth cymudwyr fel y byddai'n rhaid i weithwyr swyddfa a oedd yn byw y tu allan i'r ddinas ac yn gyrru i mewn i waith dalu am wasanaethau'r ddinas yr oeddent yn eu defnyddio.

Mewn un ddadl yn gynnar yn ei dymor, cytunodd Milk gyda'i gyd-Oruchwyliwr Dan White, a oedd a'i ardal ddwy filltir i'r de o'r Castro, na ddylid gosod cyfleuster iechyd meddwl ar gyfer pobl ifanc cythryblus yno. Nid anghofiodd White ef. Gwrthwynebai bob menter ac achos a gefnogodd Milk wedyn. Dechreuodd Milk ei ddeiliadaeth trwy noddi bil hawliau sifil a oedd yn gwahardd gwahaniaethu ar sail cyfeiriadedd rhywiol.

Gan ei alw'n "gyfraith pooper scooper ", cafodd ei hawdurdod gan y Bwrdd Goruchwylwyr sylw helaeth gan deledu a phapurau newydd yn San Francisco. Galwodd Anne Kronenberg, rheolwr ymgyrch Milk, ef yn "feistr ar ddarganfod beth fyddai'n cael sylw yn y papur newydd". Roedd Milk erbyn hyn wedi blino ar yfed Lira ac fe daeth i ystyried gorffen ei berthynas ag ef pan alwodd Lira ychydig wythnosau'n ddiweddarach a mynnu bod yn dod adref.

Pan gyrhaeddodd Milk, gwelodd fod Lira wedi crogi ei hun. Eisoes yn dueddol o iselder difrifol, roedd Lira wedi ceisio lladd ei hun o'r blaen. Nododd un o'r nodiadau hiraf a adawodd am Milk ei fod wedi cynhyrfu ynghylch ymgyrchoedd Anita Bryant a John Briggs. Gorfodwyd John Briggs i adael ras am lywodraethwr Califfornia, ond derbyniodd gefnogaeth frwd dros Gynigiad 6, a alwyd yn Fenter Briggs.

Byddai'r gyfraith arfaethedig wedi gwneud hi'n ofynnol i gyflogwyr i beidio a chyflogi athrawon hoyw - ac unrhyw weithwyr ysgol gyhoeddus a oedd yn cefnogi hawliau hoyw. Roedd negeseuon Briggs yn cefnogi Cynnig 6 yn dreiddiol ledled Califfornia, a mynychodd Harvey Milk bob digwyddiad a gynhaliwyd gan Briggs. Amcangyfrifir bodiwedi mynychu Gorymdaith Diwrnod Rhyddid Hoyw San Francisco; honnodd papurau newydd mai John Briggs oedd yn gyfrifol am y niferoedd uwch.

Mynychodd Milk mewn car to-agored yn cario arwydd yn dweud "Rwy'n dod o Woodmere, NY" [ ] Rhoddodd fersiwn o'r hyn a ddaeth yn ei araith enwocaf, yr "Hope Speech", a ddywedodd The San Francisco Examiner "gan danio'r dorf ": [ ]. Ar y pen-blwydd hwn o Stonewallgofynnaf i'm chwiorydd a'm brodyr hoyw wneud yr ymrwymiad i ymladd. Iddyn nhw eu hunain, am eu rhyddid, dros eu gwlad.

Ni fyddwn yn ennill ein hawliau trwy aros yn dawel yn ein cypyrddau. Rydyn ni'n dod allan i ymladd y celwyddau, y chwedlau, yr ystumiadau. Rydyn ni'n dod allan i ddweud y gwir am hoywon, oherwydd rydw i wedi blino ar gynllwyn distawrwydd, felly rydw i'n mynd i siarad amdano. Ac rwyf am ichi siarad amdano. Rhaid i chi ddod allan. Dewch allan at eich rhieni, eich perthnasau.

Er gwaethaf y colledion mewn brwydrau dros hawliau hoyw ledled y wlad y flwyddyn honno, arhosodd yn optimistaidd, gan ddweud "Hyd yn oed os yw hoywon yn colli yn y mentrau hyn, mae pobl yn dal i gael eu haddysgu. Oherwydd Anita Bryant a Sir Dade, addysgwyd y wlad gyfan am gyfunrywioldeb i raddau mwy nag erioed o'r blaen. Yn San Francisco, pleidleisiodd 75 y cant yn ei erbyn.

Ar Tachwedd 18 a 19, torrodd y newyddion am hunanladdiad torfol aelod o Deml y Bobl. Roedd y cwlt wedi symud o San Francisco i Guyana. Un diwrnod rydw i ar y dudalen flaen a'r diwrnod nesaf dwi'n cael fy sgubo i ffwrdd. Harvey Milk Irudi gehiago. Zinema [ aldatu aldatu iturburu kodea ]. Kanpo estekak [ aldatu aldatu iturburu kodea ].

Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu. Harvey Milk.