Cesare d acquarone biography of mahatma

After sporadic violence broke out, Gandhi announced the end of the resistance movement, to the dismay of his followers. British authorities arrested Gandhi in March and tried him for sedition; he was sentenced to six years in prison but was released in after undergoing an operation for appendicitis.

Cesare d acquarone biography of mahatma

Inafter British authorities made some concessions, Gandhi again called off the resistance movement and agreed to represent the Congress Party at the Round Table Conference in London. InGandhi announced his cesare d acquarone biography of mahatma from politics in, as well as his resignation from the Congress Party, in order to concentrate his efforts on working within rural communities.

Drawn back into the political fray by the outbreak of World War IIGandhi again took control of the INC, demanding a British withdrawal from India in return for Indian cooperation with the war effort. Instead, British forces imprisoned the entire Congress leadership, bringing Anglo-Indian relations to a new low point. Later that year, Britain granted India its independence but split the country into two dominions: India and Pakistan.

Gandhi strongly opposed Partition, but he agreed to it in hopes that after independence Hindus and Muslims could achieve peace internally. Amid the massive riots that followed Partition, Gandhi urged Hindus and Muslims to live peacefully together, and undertook a hunger strike until riots in Calcutta ceased. In JanuaryGandhi carried out yet another fast, this time to bring about peace in the city of Delhi.

You can opt out at any time. You must be 16 years or older and a resident of the United States. Bassi began to teach herself to paint, with her husband's encouragement. Over her career, she had about ninety individual exhibitions and participated in over collective ones. She painted two murals during her lifetime. The prison was later converted into a middle school and the mural was later restored and moved to city hall for preservation.

In addition to her solo efforts she collaborated with artists such as Asger JornAlberto Gionella and Hadelin Dieriex. In addition to her artwork, she was also a writer. In she published a novel called El color del airefollowed by El hombre leyenda. She was also a frequent participant in round tables, conferences and made appearances on radio and television, including her own shows on XEW, to discuss artistic and academic topics.

Jean Michel Cropsal in called her work "magical impressionism," but is more often classified as a style of surrealism. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikidata item. Senate membership presumably involved spending more time in Rome. During the s d'Acquarone saw more of his friend, Victor Emmanuel.

The king came to admire his administrative abilities, instinctive thriftiness and his talents as a financial manager. At the end of he was appointed Minister to the Royal House in succession to Alessandro Pasqualiniwho had by this time reached the age of D'Acquarone's appointment took effect at the start of The appointment was evidently a success: d'Acquarone, who had been confirmed as a count by royal decree on 2 Octoberwas promoted to the status of duke by means of a royal decree dated 22 September The king's confidence in his administrative skills and good judgment more broadly only grew, meaning that behind the scenes Pietro d'Acquarone had become the monarch's most respected and trusted adviser.

Through his contacts with dissident fascists, disillusioned army commandersItalian industrialists as well among known anti-fascist circles, he was able to ensure that the king was as well informed about opinions in the country as any member of the Grand Council when he finally dismissed Mussolini from his post. As early as 14 Marchthree months before Italy entered the warPietro d'Acquarone approached Count Ciano in order to alert him to the king's concerns.

After Februarywhen Ciano was transferred from the foreign ministry to the Italian ambassadorship at the Vatican, d'Acquarone was encouraged to hope that the development might open the way for less blinkered elements in the Fascist movement to persuade Mussolini of the intensifying dangers represented by the "Axis Alliance". Records of d'Acquarone's contacts with Dino Grandi during the first half ofprovide evidence of his attempts to persuade leading fascist party members in the government to take a more assertive line.

On the morning of 25 Julydirectly following the Grand Council meetingsought out Dino Grandibefore immediately reporting back to the king. The historian Claudio Pavonewho made a close study of the period, suggested that Victor Emmanuel's evolving strategy afterwhereby the cesare d acquarone biography of mahatma should progressively distance itself from the fascist government and, in particular, from the disastrous military alliance with Germany, was based on ideas hammered out jointly by the king and d'Acquarone.

Their strategic goal would be "fascism without Mussolini", a non-fascist government of technocrats backed by leading anti-Mussolini army officers, which could create the conditions for as prolonged a period as of resistance as might prove necessary for the political forces of antifascism. D'Acquarone was therefore opposed to the government structure proposed early in July whereby Marshal Badoglio should take over as president of the council i.

In the event Badoglio would take over leadership of the government following the removal of Mussolini, although following the liberation of Rome in Juneat the urgent prompting of the American and British authorities he would be replaced by Bonomi in the role. Meanwhile, throughout the middle months of d'Acquarone maintained close contact on behalf of the king with the principal military leaders, including Chief of the General Staff Vittorio AmbrosioGeneral Giacomo CarboniGeneral Giuseppe Castellano and Marshal Badoglio himself.

D'Acquarone had served under Badoglio as an Ordinance Officer, and the two men had been on friendly terms for many years. His work as an intermediary on behalf of the king was not restricted to military leaders. As early as 26 May d'Acquarone had the first in a series of meetings with Ivanoe Bonomiwho presented himself as the representative of a number of antifascist politicians, many of whom had been politically engaged beforeand others of whom were already enjoying the discrete hospitality of the pope at the seminary complex attached to the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateranin the eastern part of the city centre.

His most frequent political contacts during the summer months of were with Bonomi and Marcello Soleri : he was also communicating regularly with the veteran statesman Vittorio Emanuele Orlando. Mussolini was made aware, by his newly appointed police chiefof the complex network of contacts that d'Acquarone was operating on behalf of the king, but seems to have been unwilling to attach too much importance to the matter.

Then, on the evening of 25 JulyPietro d'Acquarone was one of the men present when Benito Mussolini was arrested by police as he left the Villa Savoia after a twenty-minute meeting with the king. He continued to be extremely busy in the shadows behind the scenes, to the extent that in the diaries of Ivanoe Bonomiwhich were later published, he is described as the king's "eminence grise".

There are also indications that d'Acquarone, during this period, was serving as a go-between for the king in communications with his daughter-in-law, the Princess of Savoy who had spent much of the First World War as a Belgian royal evacuee at the Brentwood Ursuline Convent High School in Brentwood, England and whom the king suspected - correctly - of conducting a personal foreign policy that aligned more closely with the needs of the Belgians and the wishes of the Americans than with the interests and international policy of Italy.

The armistice of 3 September - made public after 8 September - between Italy and the Anglo-American alliance was naturally no surprise to d'Acquarone, who had closely followed the negotiations involved in its preparation in order to be able to brief the king. On 9 or 10 September he immediately followed the king and Marshal Badoglio south, first to Pescara and then on to Brindisi.

Although Italy's leaders had been prepared for the armistice, the nation's soldiers, airmen and seamen of the Italian forces had not been. Nor were they prepared for the rapid - and evidently well prepared - disarmament programme that their German former allies implemented directly after news of the armistice emerged. Rome itself would not be liberated for nearly another nine months.

It was therefore necessary that the king, his advisors and senior ministers move to the south of Italy, which was already under Anglo-American military occupation, as a matter of the greatest urgency. A temporary royal court was then established in Brindisiwhile the slow and bloody, but by this stage seemingly inevitable, liberation of the rest of Italy from south to north, by Italian partisans in partnership with Anglo-American forcesprogressed.

It was widely accepted that Pietro d'Acquarone continued to exercise a powerful influence on the decisions of the monarch, even taking it upon himself, on occasion, to oppose Marshal Badoglio. With the southern third of Italy under Anglo-American occupation and the central and northern two thirds effectively under German occupationd'Acquarone and the king were both opposed to such a move.

On 13 October the Badoglio government and the Kingdom of Italy, from their Brindisi base, did nevertheless declare war on Germany: Badoglio later recalled that it had been necessary to wait for d'Acquarone to be temporarily absent before the king could be persuaded not to oppose his government over the matter. The idea seems to have been to achieve the liberation of the city with Italian forces by backing and focusing the anti-German uprising which broke out a few days before the arrival of an Anglo- American army of liberation.

Although Naples was indeed liberated, the involvement of the volunteer corps came to be seen by many commentators and historians as, at best, a cause for gratuitous muddle and unnecessary additional blood-letting. Pietro d'Acquarone also opposed the abdication of Victor Emmanuelfor which governments in London and Washington were pressing. The king himself had little confidence that his sonstill barely 40, was ready to take over.

Larger forces were at play, but nevertheless a compromise proved possible, whereby on 10 April Victor Emmanuel agreed to hand over most of his powers and responsibilities to the Crown Princewhile Umberto took on what was termed the lieutenancy of the kingdom. His successor, Falcone Luciferowould work with the Crown Prince. In reality d'Acquarone continued to act as advisor to his friend, the old king, but now on an unpaid basis, and known officially not as the "Minister to the Royal House" but as the " Honorary Minister to the Royal House".

He remained with the king till the actual abdication, which took place on 9 May In Duke d'Acquarone finally withdrew from public life.